Haiti Education Essay

The Future of Education in Haiti and The Future of Education in Haiti continued†¦, in which both essential and auxiliary training in the nation was assessed. Featuring how the repercussions of the shudder left youngsters the most helpless and vulnerable. As per the Haitian Ministry of Education, 80 percent of those schools in the shake influenced regions were harmed or pulverized. In the a half year following the tremor, most of those schools have now been re-opened and up to 40 percent of schools harmed in the seismic tremor have been freed from flotsam and jetsam. In any case, school participation rates keep on enduring as the nation gradually attempts to recoup from the annihilation, a worry which gauges overwhelming on many’s minds with respect to the soundness and future improvement of the delicate country. Schools go about as a place of refuge for kids and assist them with managing the overwhelming pressure that follows catastrophe, the same number of youngsters experience the ill effects of post horrendous pressure disorder. It is basic that Haitian youngsters come back to class as fast as perhaps, and keeping in mind that impermanent methods are clearly to be looked for as the nation keeps on uncovering itself from the rubble, worldwide endeavors must try to see that the country’s instructive framework is remade. To stamp the day UNICEF Radio digital broadcast arbitrator Amy Costello detailed from Haiti, addressing Coralie Norris, a 14-year-old understudy, and Lisa Doherty, the UNICEF Haiti Education Cluster Coordinator, in regards to the present atmosphere in the nation confronting schoolchildren a half year after the shudder. You can find out more and tune in to the webcast here.

PA module

You will see that the individual test and exhibition case arrangements gave in this module and different modules endeavor to cover every single imaginable arrangement and to give a case of a â€Å"exceeds† arrangement. They may, along these lines, be longer than would be required in an assessment circumstance. You may wish to utilize the Competency Area Checklist to assist you with figuring out the case information. When you have figured out which competency zones are significant, consider the particular issues that should be tended to. Now and again, the course materials utilize nonexclusive dates as opposed to genuine dates.When you go over examples of conventional dates, consider the date to compare with measures that are as of now in actuality. Outline with regards to your job as a bookkeeper, your capacity to convey viably is an expert quality and ability that you are required to show in the entirety of your assignments, regardless of whether for study or for work. You wi ll likewise be relied upon to exhibit a few correspondence skills on the PAP assessment. The module gives useful recommendations to improving your composing aptitudes and open doors for self-evaluating your composing ability.This module presents the case investigation process. It offers you to a bit by bit system for moving toward case questions and gives tips on the most proficient method to maintain a strategic distance from normal blunders in reacting to case questions. The structure is intended to upgrade your case investigation aptitudes as you practice with individual test cases and set up your reactions to task cases. You find out about various types of examination, both quantitative and subjective, and audit methodologies for creating options and choosing choice standards. The assessment of options and last proposal

Salary Negotiation for Women Close the Pay Gap! Part 1

Salary Negotiation for Women Close the Pay Gap! Part 1 Salary Negotiation for Women: Close the Pay Gap! Part 1 The following story, one that a friend related to me just a couple of days ago, has become all-too-familiar: Judy (fictitious name), a part-time assistant in my friend’s office, was offered a full-time position at a salary lower than she deserved, and lower than she had made in previous positions. She felt underappreciated, but wanted the full-time position. So she went home to discuss it with her husband, and came back the next day with her decision. She would accept the job. She did not negotiate, but instead accepted the low-ball offer. What she didn’t know is that the hiring manager had been prepared to give her moreâ€"if she had chosen to ask for it. Now, not only is Judy’s salary below her worth, but all her raises in the future will be based on a low starting point. To me, this situation is very sad. You’re probably aware of the pay gap between men and women in the workplace. Perhaps you’ve heard the statistic that women earn 80 cents to every dollar that men earn. The gap persists after controlling for college major, occupation, employment sector, and even requests for time off. Strikingly, this number varies depending on ethnicity: Asian women earn 94 cents to the men’s dollar; white women 82 cents, African American women 68 cents, and Hispanic women 61 cents. So while it does seem that the gap is due to underlying sexism and racism, some of it could also be due to women’s failure to ask for what they deserve. I wonder, are Asian women just better negotiators than their white, African American, and Hispanic peers? While the answer to that question is still a mystery to me, I learned a ton about the topic of salary negotiation in a webinar presented by Professor Deborah Ellis for YaleWomen, Salary Negotiation. Professor Ellis addressed the pay gap for women and how women can start making inroads into that gap through salary negotiation. In salary negotiation, there is nothing to fear but fear itself. Many women are scared that by negotiating they will lose the position completelyâ€"but that rarely happens. You might lose the negotiation, but you won’t get a worse package than what you were already offered. And more often, you’ll get what you want. One mid-level lawyer reported: “I negotiated, and there really wasn’t any back and forth. He just said yes to the request I made.” Hmmm… Maybe men who are hiring are more scared of you than you are of them. They don’t want to lose you and they have already chosen you as the best person for the job. So you are in a position of power. Use it! Salary negotiation works for women! I wish more women understood their position of power and would reap the benefits of salary negotiation. But a study at Carnegie Mellon revealed that only 7% of women grad students negotiated vs. 57% of men. The average salary bump for negotiating was 7.4%, which translated to $500K over the course of a career! If you are a woman who doesn’t negotiate for your salary, I hope you’re getting that women DO succeed in salary negotiation. And you can too. There’s neuroscience at work here: If you think you will do well, you will do better than if you think you won’t do well. One way to convince yourself that you will do well is to know that others have succeeded before you. Women face unique challenges in salary negotiation. Many of the barriers to salary negotiation are internal. I’ve addressed some of those above. Also, women historically have a harder time advocating for themselves than they do for other peopleâ€"but they are better than men at “representational negotiation”â€"fighting to get something for another person. Here’s a nifty trick offered by Professor Ellis: If you think you don’t deserve more for yourself, negotiate for someone else in your life, like your family, or even your dog. But ask! There are also external barriers faced by women. The reality is that women who make demands can be seen as adversarial or confrontational. So how you ask makes a difference. Here are some techniques to work against the negative perceptions that are out there: Don’t make demands in writing. Have a conversation, preferably in person or by Skype. Phone is okay too but it’s great to be able to see each other. Yep. Be friendly. Use “we” instead of “I”â€"make it about the team and working together toward a common cause. Express enthusiasm about the job from the get-go. Never say it’s non-negotiable. Ask questions vs. making demands. Examples: “Would you consider a salary of $xxx?” “What would you think of my working from home…?” Use humor. Use the power of silence. Let them fill the silence. Overall, keep in mind that the goal for both you and the employer is a continuing relationship. Both of you want to reach an amiable win-win solution. I hope you’re feeling more confident that you can go and negotiate for the compensation you want. Next week, I’ll share more about the nuts and bolts strategy of salary negotiation, which applies to men and women alike.

Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 1678 Words

Death. Traumatizing. Scarred for life. Charlie†¦ It started off as a great day, the end of our extraordinary R.V. trip in Utah. We were about to go white water rafting, I’m just going to say what is about to happen, I never expected I would have to experience in my life. Nevertheless it happened to me when I was 10. We were in Moab, Utah and we had arrived at the rafting place. We were waiting for the rafts to come back and be prepared for us. While we were waiting our family and about twenty-two other people were waiting in a cool forest like area. We had some snacks and started to meet everybody there, but the only bad thing was that there were so many ants! So my brother and I pretty much just jumped from rock to rock for†¦show more content†¦Eventually we got to this cool camp like area. We had lunch and my dad and I went on this cool excursion there was knee deep grass and pinecones everywhere. With the wind scraping off every last bit of the fluorescent piney smell, the great pines seemed like they were going to collapse and bury we under the thousands of cactus like pines sunbathing in the bright Utah sun. Once we had escaped back to the campground the four drivers were about to start the safety demonstration. They basically just said tighten your life vests and if you want here s a helmet in case you fall out but it was pretty serious. We got to this place called The kitchen because on longer trips that is where they eat. Right now I could taste the overwhelming taste of saltwater. I could hear the roaring tiger that is the water. RIGHT after that is skull rapids! I was so excited, it looked like so much fun! We went first. The first two waves were a small let-down but the third wave made us all bounce so much everybody looked at me! It was amazingly fun, right as we got to the bottom there was a whistle, I thought nothing of it but Max turned his head so fast I think he might have gotten whiplash. Apparently that means a boat has flipped†¦ Max excitedly exclaimed, â€Å"well this is exciting.† I think most of us were kind of confused because this is pretty serious. So we got into a position to try to get everybody that fell out and every boat did this. Luckily the boat thatShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1110 Words   |  5 PagesI don’t know how I got to where I am, but I’m here now, and I have to win if I want to live. I am in a game, and in order to live, I have to escape. That’s the thing, though: I don’t know how to escape. I was running for my life around this old house that looked like it came straight out of a horror movie. I doubled over and held my head in pain as I saw the static, which meant it was coming. I was being chased by what looked like a person but in no way acted like one. Just as it was about to appearRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1102 Words   |  5 PagesIt is on days like this when we stop to think about our life. Small drops of rain begin to dapple the cobblestone pavement as people whip out their umbrellas for cover. I continue sauntering down the busy street, relishing the feeling of a light shower. Moving with the mass of pedestrians, I stop at a crosswalk where I wait for the stoplight to turn green. A flower sh op employee across the street scurries to bring in the numerous bouquets and close the doors as rain starts rolling down the displayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing914 Words   |  4 PagesDreamy I thought. Standing on the corner is a young guy with a smile. I see him here almost every day, so I linger for a while. He tells me his name, and I tell him mine. I m Ester, what s your name? I enquired. My names David .,He replied. We end up talking for a while and I asked him if he had ever left this city. He tells me of all these stories of the places where he s been, the distant lakes and mountains, and in valleys oh so green. I can see it in his eyes, he really has beenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing974 Words   |  4 Pages I was used to moving round, having a mother who liked to travel more than making roots was something I had gotten used to. Still, I had never gotten used to the loneliness of an empty house when she was out exploring, or the feeling of leaving behind someone who could have meant something to me. Our most recent move was Oregon. It was pretty, and I didn’t mind it, but it was much different than Florida. Not only was it opposite sides of the country, it felt as if it were opposite worlds. InRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1012 Words   |  5 Pageshave plenty of time in the next month to think about my feeling in regards to Kendrick. I needed to finish up the article and get it off to my editor. I should be able to get it done by tonight and send an email in the morning. I was thinking of writing my next article about the sea life around the Scottish coast. Since our salmon dinner last evening I thought I would do a piece about the commercial salmon farming that began in Scotland in 1969. In 2002 over 145,000 metric tons of farmed AtlanticRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1561 Words   |  7 PagesThere’s something I need to say and what follows may not be something that you’d expect, it won’t be heartening or uplifting. If you remember today, I told you about going somewhere I wanted to go to†¦ I’m not sure if you believed and accepted what I now confess as untrue; it is partly. I needed to pull away emo tionally†¦ from you. You must have had fathomed that some degree of formality had seeped between us. Born of habit, formulaic greetings had become a routine. You presume that I’m a close friendRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1387 Words   |  6 PagesI was wearing a beautiful blue dress with sapphire gems all around the chest area as I entered the ball with Ciel and Sebastian. I took a good look around here, the hallway was lined with gold. There was a servant ready to escort us to the ball room. Hello, come this way. He said, walking forward. Wow, this place is so fancy! I exclaimed, looking around. It s fake gold. Ciel bluntly replied, bringing my hopes down. I sighed. Ciel sounded like he wasn t in a very good mood. Ciel, lightenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1287 Words   |  6 Pages In the morning, Caireann woke me up. She stood above my bed, shaking my shoulder. I opened my eyes, looking at her. Then I looked across the room to her empty bed. Andy s empty bed sat in the corner. I swallowed, climbing out of bed. Sleep well? Caireann asked me, starting out the door. Yeah, I said, going over to our small dresser. I had the bottom two drawers. Andy had the middle two, and Caireann had the top. I pulled open the drawers, pulling on a colorful tank top and a grayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1345 Words   |  6 PagesLater that night, I was behind the wheel of my G-Wagon with Melissa in the passenger seat. She didn’t feel like driving since she was on the road all day and I understood so I didn’t mind when she asked me to. I had been tight-lipped. She kept eyeballing me as if she detected that something was bothering me but I just kept singing to my India Arie as if I was carefree. â€Å"So are you going to tell me what’s going on or no† Melissa said disrupting my own personal concert. I stopped singing and tookRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1085 Words   |  5 PagesI WAS SITTING IN a taxi, wondering if I had overdressed for the evening, when I looked out the window and saw Mom rooting through a Dumpster. It was just after dark. A blustery March wind whipped the steam coming out of the manholes, and people hurried along the sidewalks with their collars turned up. I was stuck in traffic two blocks from the party where I was heading. Mom stood fifteen feet away. She had tied rags around her shoulders to keep out the spring chill and was picking through the trash

Venezuelan Immigration Essay - 769 Words

Venezuelan Immigration How did independence politically affect the Creole class in Venezuela? I. Venezuelan independence split the Creole class into two political factions, liberals, and conservatives. In addition, independence motivated many Creoles to remove themselves from politics and pass their power to local caudillos, or soldiers. (Williamson 233-234) (Greene 105-106) A. During Venezuelans independence movement, opposing viewpoints of two of the colonies most influential revolutionary leaders sparked disagreements within the Creole class. 1. Simon Bolivar sought to completely liberate Venezuela and the rest of South America from monarchy. He also wanted more social classes in Venezuela to participate in†¦show more content†¦Independence caused many Creole citizens and revolutionary leaders to remove themselves from politics. 1. The violent independence movements in Venezuela had repelled many Creoles from politics in general. a) Discussed or now uninterested in politics, many Creoles returned to their haciendas to continue their lives as landowners. b) Lives as landowners, and not politicians, offered Creoles the ability to focus on themselves without worrying about the needs and wants of a nation. c) Simon Bolivar, the most famous revolutionary in Venezuela, removed himself from politics a few years before his death of tuberculosis. He felt the quarreling between Creoles signified that he had failed as a political leader. 2. Creoles transferred their political power to the caudillos, or the soldiers in Venezuela. a) Independence ultimately resulted in a loss of political power in the Creole class. Why did the Indians in Venezuela become more poverty-stricken after independence? I. The Indians of Venezuela became more poverty-stricken after independence because of increased economic demand in the late 1850s. 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An essay on the benefits of sanitation in developing countries. Free Essays

INTRODUCTION This essay seeks to highlight with references four of the major benefits of sanitation in developing countries. Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of waste. In public health terms, the main source of this hazard is from human and animal feaces. We will write a custom essay sample on An essay on the benefits of sanitation in developing countries. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Other sources include solid waste and domestic wastewater. Therefore, any intervention that seeks to separate these waste from humans is termed sanitation. Sanitation or sanitation interventions could be in form of hardware e.g. hygienic latrines or software in form of hygiene practice such as handwashing with soap. Mara et. al. (2010) opined that â€Å"Sanitation is the safe disposal of human excreta† defining ‘safe disposal’ as the hygienic containment or treatment of the excreta to avoid adversely affecting human health. Available 2010 figures show that 2.6billion people, mainly in the developing countries lack access to improved sanitation.It also showed that about 1.2billion people lack even an unimproved sanitation facility and practice open defeacation. (WHO, UNICEF, 2010). Statistics from various studies conducted have pointed to the enormous number of people that lack adequate sanitation worldwide and this has prompted some interventions and target setti ng by organisations across the world. Of such targets is the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of the United Nations on sanitation which seeks to halve the population of people without adequate sanitation by 2015 using 1990 figures as baseline and also World Health Organisation (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) target of ‘Water and Sanitation’ for all by 2025. These targets underscores the importance of sanitation among human population and is geared at creating awareness through all levels of government to the burden that lack of sanitation poses to the people. This essay shall describe the benefits that comes with sanitation in developing countries with references to buttress the importance of achieving this targets and what is at stake to be gained. DISCUSSION Sanitation has many benefits but one of the most important (if not the most important) is its contribution to the healthy living of a community or society. Health is wealth as it is commonly said. So, the health status of a community or family has a great role to play in their livelihood. Diarrhoeal diseases are mainly of feaco-oral route and they account for around 1.6 – 2.5million deaths annually. (Mathers C. D. et. al. 2006). Many of these deaths are under five children in developing countries. From the work of Black K. et. al. (2010), diarrhoeal was the leading cause of death among children under five years of age in sub-saharan Africa, resulting in 19% of all deaths in this age group. Eventhough studies carried out has not rigorously separated the specific effect of sanitation from the overall effect of water and sanitation intervention, systematic reviews has suggested that improved sanitation can reduce the rates of diarrhoeal diseases by 32% – 37% (Fewtrell I. e t. al., 2005). Apart from diarrhoeal diseases, other diseases such as Schistosomiasis, Trachoma and Intestinal helminths causes lots of morbidity episodes and death in a lot of cases. The table below shows the morbidity and mortality rates of selected water, sanitation and hygiene related diseases. Source: Maggie A. et al (2007). American Chemical Society. It can be seen from the table that all these high morbidity and mortality causing diseases are related to unsanitary disposal of excreta. With good sanitation practice, a very good substantial reduction to these figures can be achieved and the general health situation in the developing world would be greatly improved. The popular ‘F’ diagram (Figure 1 overleaf) showing transmission routes of feaco-oral diseases clearly shows also how sanitation could substantially reduce the spread of diseases. Even in a situation of good water supply, without sanitation in place, high risk of contamination in households still exist. Figure 1: Feaco-oral diseases transmission routes and interventions to stop them Source: Feachem R. G. et. al. (1983). Sanitation and disease. Apart from feaco-oral diseases, sanitation lowers considerably the risk of children’s exposure to malnutrition and other infections that might not be directly feaco-oral but that becomes prevailent with increasing episodes of diarrhoeal. (Isabel Gunther et. al., 2011). Overall, sanitation directly improves the health of a community or household by reducing morbidity and mortality. These health improvements indirectly translate to economic benefits. In addition to the benefits sanitation brings to health, it also generates economic benefits. The benefits include direct cost reduction in catering for health due to less sickness especially from diarrhoeal diseases, less days lost at school or at work due to sickness or having to care for sick people and also convenience time savings from walking or queuing at shared sanitation facilities or open defeacation (Hutton G. et. al, 2007). Hutton et. al. interprets the benefits of water and sanitation improvements as being in three categories. ‘Direct economic benefits of avoiding diarrhoeal diseases, indirect economic benefits related to health improvements and non-health benefits related to water and sanitation improvements.’ These benefits are summarised in table 2 below. The benefits were valued to monetary terms using economic methods for valuation. Table 2: Economic benefits arising from water and sanitation improvements Source: Hutton G, Haller L, Bartram J (2007) The prevention of sanitation and water related diseases could save some $7billion per year in health system costs and an additional $3.6billion per year savings in averted deaths based on discounted future earnings (Hutton et. al., 2007). In many of the developing countries, around half of the hospital beds are occupied by people with diarrhoeal diseases at any one time. This shows the amount of burden that these preventable diseases bring to the developing countries. Sanitation practices can reduce these occurrences to a very minimal level. Figures from Lao People’s Democratic Republic shows that poor sanitation and hygiene cost the country 5.6% of her annual GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per year when expressed on a national scale. (Hutton et. al., 2009). Ghana and Pakistan figures also suggest that general improvement in environmental conditions could save 8% – 9% of GDP annually. (WHO, 2008). All these statistics and figures show the potential economic gains that is set to be derived or gained through sanitation practices. The Disease Control Priorities Projects has found sanitation as the second most cost effective health intervention in the world at $11.15 per DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Year) loss averted, coming behind hygiene promotion which is at $3.35 per DALY averted. (Cairncross et. al., 2006). Table 3: Economic benefits resulting from meeting the MDG sanitation target and from achieving universal sanitation access. Source: Hutton G. et. al., 2007. Table 3 (previous page) shows the cost-benefit ration that is potentially attributed with achieving the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) sanitation target of halving the number of people without improved sanitation by 2015 to 1999 baseline figure and with achieving universal sanitation access in the non OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries. This means a one dollar investment on sanitation could bring up to ten dollars worth of economic return gained from the productive work of not being sick. (Mara D.D. et. al., 2010). Therefore, sanitation practices brings about economic development on a national scale through all the averted deaths, avoided DALY losses and money saved in disease treatment that can be used efficiently in other areas of the economy. At the household and community level, the household has more productive time from the ones saved from attending the sick, more children time at school which indirectly translates to better income genera tion for the family or community and therefore a better living standard. Even though health seems to be the strongest point for the spread and campaign of sanitation practices, it is not always the main reason why people want to have clean and hygienic way of practicing sanitation. Other needs to have a good sanitation practice may include: privacy, safety, comfort, cleanliness and respect (Jeff Conant, 2005). Therefore the social benefits that come with good sanitation practice too are enormous and very important in maintaining a good social stratification and integrity within a community. Engaging in good sanitation practice because of the economic gains and health benefits comes most handy in respect to the government. Sourcing of funds and prioritising investment in sanitation improvement projects or infrastructure are the areas where arguments sell and allowing the government to understand the benefits that comes with sanitation improvement. But, when it comes to the people themselves, social factors such as privacy, dignity etc. as mentioned earlier seems to be the stronger reason why they will want to have good sanitation. The billions who must defeacate in bushes and open places face daily assaults to their human dignity and safety. Jon Lane, 2008, noted that â€Å"the humble toilet can speed social development by: aiding progress towards gender equality promoting social inclusion increasing school attendance building community pride and social cohesion and contributing to poverty eradication.† In the absence of adequate sanitation, women and girls are usually the most affected. Women are the ones that care for children and bear the highest risk of direct contact with faeces. Women and young ladies alike are the ones that bear most, the risk of assault and in some cases rape when seeking privacy in the dark at night to defeacate. This problem affects their well-being and limits their free and equal participation in the economic and social life of the community in which they find themselves. When there are no toilets in school or no separate toilet for boys and girls, girls enrolment and stay in school are most affected. They have to stay back home during their menstruation and generally loose motivation for school attendance. â€Å"Globally, one in four girls do not complete primary school compared to one in seven boys† (Jon lane, 2008). Also studies in Alwar district of India shows that sanitation increased girls school enrolment by one-third and improved academic p erformance for boys and girls by a quarter. So, sanitation brings about more gender equality and lessens the burden and risks on women and girls. Another strong social benefit that comes with sanitation is community cohesion. The act and practice of collectively keeping streets and the environment clean (environmental sanitation) and also, the joint effort communities put in improving their sanitation practice (e.g. eradication of open defeacation) brings a bond and a sense of belonging to the members of a community. It makes them share a common pride of cleanliness. This brings about a change in social attitude that they can boast of. â€Å"For example some villages residents have painted signs that read: daughters from our village are not married into villages where open defeacation is practised† (Jon Lane, 2008). All the social factors that gets affected by the extent of sanitation practice are indirectly linked to the subject of poverty profile. Poor people tend to be the ones that are not able to access good sanitation hardwares. This deprives them of their major asset – physical health and ability to work t hereby making their situation worse. But interventions in sanitation can help them keep healthy at all times and help them divert their resources to other critical areas, raising their economic status and reducing the gap between the rich and poor in developing countries. Sanitation practices assist in environmental sustainability. It can be used to strike a nutrient balance in the present world where there is so much stress on our available resources. Human waste gets into water courses and land from open defeacation, disposal of untreated sewer effluents into river channels and leakages from not well designed pit latrines. â€Å"In the developing world, roughly 90% of sewage is discharged untreated into rivers, polluting waters and killing plants and fishes† (United Nations Water, 2008). Also â€Å"In Asia alone, 13million tonnes of feaces are released to inland water sources each year, along with 122millionm3 of urine and 11billion3 of greywater† (United Nations Water, 2008). This is a major for people using streams as their primary water source and economic risk for people that depends on aquatic life (e.g. fishing) for their livelihood. Figures from United Nations also suggest that â€Å"water pollution arising from poor sanitation costs south east Asia more than US$2billion per year, and in Indonesia and Vietnam creates environmental costs of more than US$200million annually primarily from the loss of productive land† Sanitation practices contain human waste with the option of safe treatment for disposal or maintaining the containment. Therefore sanitation stops this trend of environmental degradation and avoids the losses associated with it. Human excreta contain valuable nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium). â€Å"We produce 4.56kg Nitrogen, 0.55kg Phosphorus, and 1.28kg Potassium per person per year from feaces and urine. This is enough to produce wheat and maize for one person every year† (WSSCC in Mara D.D., lecture material, IPH, 2011). Going by the fact that conventional mineral fertiliser are mainly of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium constituents, farmers in developing countries can use the nutrients in excreta to enhance agricultural output at lower costs. The practice of â€Å"Ecological Sanitation† can be used to achieve this. That is, practice sanitation for environmental sustainability while at the same time turning waste (excreta) into a resource. The range s of practices include â€Å"Arboloos† (where a tree is planted on the latrine pit in succession), â€Å"Urine diverting latrines† (that produces fertilisers from urine and composted feaces) and â€Å"Biogas toilets† (that produces methane from anaerobic digestion of feaces). By using this technology, a three way benefit can be derived from sanitation. Environmental sustainability, increase in crop yield leading to better economic benefit while at the same time satisfying the health benefits that comes with sanitation. CONCLUSION REFERENCES Black R, Cousens S, Johnson H, Lawn J, Rudan I, et. al. (2010) Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis. Lancet 375: 1969–1987. Cairncross S, Valdmanis V (2006) Water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion. In :Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, et al. (2006) Disease control priorities in developing countries, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Feachem R.G., Bradley D.J., Garelick H., Mara D.D. (1983) Sanitation and disease. Health aspects of wastewater and excreta management. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Fewtrell L, Kaufmann RB, Kay D, Enanoria W, Haller L, et al. (2005) Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infectious Diseases 5. Heinonen-Tanski, H., Pradhan, S.K. Karinen, P., 2010. Sustainable Sanitation—A Cost-Effective Tool to Improve Plant Yields and the Environment. Sustainability, 2(1), pp.341-353. Available at: http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/341/ [Accessed June 2, 2011]. Hutton G (2009) Economic impacts of sanitation in Lao PDR. Jakarta: World Bank and Water Sanitation Program Hutton G, Haller L, Bartram J (2007) Economic and health effects of increasing coverage of lowcost household drinking-water supply and sanitation interventions to countries off-track to meet MDG target 10. Geneva: World Health Organization. Isabel Gunther, Gunther Fink. (2011). Water and sanitation to reduce child mortality. The impact and cost of water and sanitation infrastructure. Policy research working paper 5618. The World bank Development Economics Prospect Group. Jef Conant. (2005). Sanitation and cleanliness for a healthy environment. Hesperidian Foundation, UNDP. www.hesperidian.org Jon Lane. (2008). The economicand social benefits of improved sanitation. Speech delivered at the fourth Carribean Environmental Forum and Exhibition. St. George’s University, Grenada. Assessed at www.wsscc.org. Mara, D. et al., 2010. Sanitation and health. PLoS medicine, 7(11), p.e1000363. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2981586tool=pmcentrezrendertype=abstract [Accessed February 9, 2011]. Mathers CD, Lopez AD, Murray CJL (2006) The burden of disease and mortality by condition: data, methods, and results for 2001. New York: Oxford University Press. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology. (2002). Access to sanitation in developing countries. www.parliarment.uk/post/hom.htm. United Nations Water. (2008). Sanitation protects the environment. Fact sheet 4. www.esa.un.org. W.H.O. (2006). Human Development Report Office. Economic and Health Effects of Increasing Coverage of Low Cost Water and Sanitation Interventions. W.H.O., UNICEF. (2010). Progress on sanitation and drinking water – 2010 update. Geneva: World Health Organisation. W.H.O., UNICEF. (2000). Global Assessment of water supply and sanitation. World Bank (2008) Environmental health and child survival: epidemiology, economics, experience. Washington, DC: World Bank. How to cite An essay on the benefits of sanitation in developing countries., Essay examples

Positional and Personal Power free essay sample

Drawing from positional sources of power is more effective in organizational settings than drawing from personal sources of power. Discuss. In this coursework I shall discuss two theories explaining different sources of power that related to positional sources of power and personal sources of power. I shall outline the usage of positional sources of power and personal sources of power , I also use sources to support or against statement. After that comparison will exist between positional sources of power and personal sources of power since by using some examples. Finally, I shall decide whether I agree or disagree this statement and comment on the influence of both sources of power in contemporary organizational systems and then conclude about the most effective way for manager. As a manager of the firm, power is a significant tool to influence employees. French and Ravens(1959,p434-435) shows that power can be divided by five sources that include legitimate power,reward power,coercive power,referent power and expertise power. We will write a custom essay sample on Positional and Personal Power or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hales(2001,p435) develops further on French and Ravens theory claiming that coercive power, reward power,expertise power and referent power can involve both a personal and a positional source, except legitimate power which is only belonging to positional sources of power. It is manifest that positional power is depends on the role of the person in the organization whereas personal power is derived by the individuals personality, skills and capabilities. Now, it is turning to explain the usage of positional power and personal power by analysing the theory of French and Raven(1959,p434-435). Legitimate power appears to be derived from the formal position of a person in the organization which means the higher the position, the greater the power. For example, the boss has the power to decide to recruit or cut staffs, make capital expenditures and investment decisions. Actually, legitimate power is really useful. As Kanter(1979,p438-439) proposed that managers can enhance powers by assigning some of power to underlings. Since if the subordinates share the managers power, they would realize their responsibility and the sense of identity which is advantageous to enhance their confidence and finally maximize the potential of employees. Secondly, reward power is the capability of a manager has to reward employees if they follow the instruction. The rewards can include increasing salaries,promotions,bonuses and additional time off. It is evident that reward is the most practical way to motivate staff to complete the job. Therefore, having an efficient rewards system implies that a company has a hierarchical management structure. However, Simon(December 17,2007) argues that the manager should use the rewards system carefully. Simon explains that: One mistake that leaders often make is to assume that the reward is worth the effort in the eyes of their followers. Another possibility is that it could create or reinforce an entitlement culture where explicit rewards are the only motivation, and the revocation of the rewards creates the opposite outcome. It is also possible that followers who do not receive rewards can foster jealousy or resentment creating further problems within the organization. I support Simons argument. It is a normal phenomenon in a company that there are some staffs who are only motivated by rewards, they tend to focus solely on their own benefit. This will ultimately cause the CEO making the wrong decision and then stunts the development of the company. Using the reward system as a motivation also brings negative atmosphere around the office like entitlement culture which means employees t end to pursue rewards in excess by creating a cutthroat environment. However, if the management withdraws the rewards that may result in a general strike. Moreover, reward setting also may trigger the cut-throat competition among peers. In comparison with positional source of reward power, Hales(2001) provides the definition of personal source of reward power is credit for previous or future favour in daily exchange. For instance,one staff provides some financial support to another staff before he earns the important position in the organisation. When the former becomes superior to this another staff, it is assumed that he will be more faithful and work harder in order to requite the boss. This is the example of credit for previous. Another example of credit for future is the boss may promises a underlings like: If you finish this project well, I will pay you an impressive bonus. It tends to motivate this personnel to work harder than before. Thirdly, coercive power is earned from peoples formal position using punishment to force employees to reach the standard of the company which is opposite of reward power.. Coercive power is useful when the leader needs to plan a new regulation for organization or make a coincident decision in extraordinary emergency. However. Coercive power is unfavorably on the relationship between employer and employees. For instance, a personnel has to work excessive hours with no pay, but only to satisfy superiors. Although the boss may get a good result from subordinates, it also results in the abomination of workers. Another example is that the underlings have no courage to challenge against the wrong resolution of a arbitrary boss. Since they realize the boss would have a temper later. However, the personal sources of coercive power tends to be the good qualities of a person, like forcefulness, insistence and determination. (Hales,2011) To give an example of this, the leader tends to use the personal skills to find a lot of information to persuade underlings or the leader who has the strong determination to over come the trouble of the work. Obviously, employees tend to be overawed by the leaders strong personalities. After that, as Hales(2001) develops the French and Ravens theory, the referent power becomes the most striking change that he shows referent power also contains positional power. Steve Paton(p438) defines the referent power is where managers use their position to influence others by showing that what they propose is consistent with the accepted values and culture of the organisation. It is vital for leaders to build an unified culture and values for employees within an organization, especially for the company which recruit staffs from different countries and backgrounds. Referent power supports a leader to cooperate and communicate well with subordinates by orientating the same aim of the whole company. In contrast, Hales outlines the personal sources of referent power come from individual beliefs, ideas and characteristics. Hence, referent power also called charismatic power. There is a interesting example that BBC news( Why is Putin popular? Wednesday, 8 March, 2000, 13:17 GMT )indicates Vladimir Putin is Russias most popular politician. Unexpectedly, the reason is he looks young, energetic and clean. Obviously, his charisma attracts a lot of female electorates. In addition, in some companies, the boss tends to ask beautiful lady to be the manager of a department and dominants several males which is a way to use personal sources of referent power. Finally,expertise power is divided by two types that including administration expertise and technical expertise. Administration expertise means the chairman has the ability to create regulations and rules of an organization to preserve his entitlement. In another words, subordinates should follow the way that boss prefers. In contrast,technical expertise means the leader can look through the organizaition to earn more information, and then perceive the risk and opportunity of the company. Nevertheless, positional resource is only one part of expertise power. Personal resource is another part of expertise power which is the skills , knowledge and individual experience that leader have. If the leader just has positional resource of expertise power to dominant employees, the place of leader will be shaken. Simon mentions:Followers can have more knowledges, ability and skills than their leaders. New leaders particularly can possess far less knowledge than their followers. This can put you in a vulnerable position. It can be seen that although leader can use administration expertise power (positional power) to create rules to manage employees, the employees may not completely accept since they do not believe the ability, skills and experiences of their boss. (the leader does not have personal power) From above analysis, it can be seen that both positional power and personal power are useful within an organization. In order to compare their effectiveness. Dr. Dilip Abayasekara outlines a story which is Lets assume that Marilyn, a member of your team, is doing something that you disapprove. Youve observed this behavior before from Marilyn when others were in charge. Because others had the position of authority, you didnt say or do anything. But now you are the person who has the positional authority. Your perception of Marilyns motivation and behavior causes you to feel angry with Marilyn. You decide to put a stop to her actions, using your positional authority. You could do this in several ways. You choose to telephone Marilyns supervisor and tell him to tell Marilyn to cease that behavior forthwith. No explanations, no fact-finding, no listening. You just shut her down. End of story. That is an example of misusing positional power. From this story, it emerges the problems of using positional power. Actually, using positional power to stop the behaviour of Marilyn is not the end of the story. Marilyn will be disgusted with you since you even never listen to her explanation,even her supervisor will not agree with your behaviour and therefore he may dislike you as well. Moreover, Marilyn may pour out her complaints before her colleagues that also effect your reputation. The more employees misunderstand you, the more difficulties you will encounter in the future. In contrast, Dr. Dilip Abayasekara also assumes about how to use personal power to resolve this problem You are concerned with Marilyns behavior. You think you know what is motivating her actions. However, you dont want to shut her down in case you have misread the situation. So you call her supervisor, explain your concern, and ask him for an explanation. If the situation demands it, you meet with both the supervisor and Marilyn. Each person has an opportunity to communicate. Now you make a decision that takes the facts and feelings of the players into account but does not bend your principles or the policies of your organization. That is an example of using personal power. Distinctly,using personal power not only resolve the trouble, but also communicate well with subordinates. This way is much soft and peaceful that avoids the conflict between leader and employees. Therefore, according to this story, personal power is much effective than positional power. Furthermore, there is another study proving personal power is much more benefit for leader. Prof Nick Foster(2005) records a study that aims to research about which of the five power are the most effective in influencing other people? In 1984, the study of how 750 leaders used power to get along with their boss, underlinings and co-workers.? These leaders should order seven strategies from they typically use to they rarely use. The arrangement can be shown in the following: Using reason, data or logic (expert power) †¢ Friendliness and assertiveness (personal power) †¢ Forming coalitions with others (personal power) †¢ Bargaining and/or negotiation (expert and personal power) †¢ Ordering compliance (positional, reward and coercive power) †¢ Relying on the support of a higher authority (positional power) †¢ Sanctions or punishments (positional, reward and coercive power) Obviously, for the first strategy, it tends to detach the expert power and personal power. Nevertheless,using reason,data or logic is a skill of a person which means the expert power just has personal resource. Therefore, it can be seen from the list, top 4 sources of power are all about personal resources proves that personal sources of power is more effective in organizational settings than positional sources of power in this study. It is reasonable that leaders like to utilise personal power, for example, the boss who uses data, logic and information to support his decision has the strong persuasion which is much easier to earn the esteem from subordinates than using the positional sources of coercive power to force them pass your ideas. Moreover, most leaders also tend to be friendly with their staffs like listening and communicate rather than to use the legitimate power to threat underlings. The reason is using positional power is more likely to create a big gap between the boss and employees which results in the misunderstanding,antipathy and conflict whereas using personal power is more likely to sustain the boss form the coalitions with others that creates the powerful cohesion of an organisation. Nevertheless, is the positional power devoid of any merit? Apparently not. Dr. Dilip Abayasekara illustrates several occasions that positional power should be used:when you are chairing a meeting, ruling someone out of order at a meeting when that person is out of order; making decisions that you need to make because of your position, and not passing the buck; taking the initiative to consult with other leaders to fashion a compelling vision for your organization and its members and selling that vision with all your heart and soul. These are all wise uses of positional power. It can be concluded that leader should uses positional power at the formal event like meeting which shows the importance of the event. Otherwise, staffs will be lack of punctuality, even absent from meeting. Furthermore,the boss is also allowed to use positional power when the company at the emergency time, for instance, you consider a plan with careful consideration and you are one hundred percent sure it will bring the benefit to organisation but you have no time to e xplain the reason, therefore you could use positional power to pass the plan without voting. Dr. Dillip Abayasekara also mention about leaders may invest into a lot of time and ideas to innovate new policies and rules of the organisatation that more suit the settings, legitimate power ,rewards power and coercion power(positional resources) are more powerful and effective in this condition. In conclusion, from above analysis, I think there is no comparability between personal sources of power and positional sources of power. As Dr. Dillip Abayasekara points that The interesting thing here is that when personal power is used wisely, it increases your positional power. When positional power is used wisely, it increases your personal power. However, when either one of them is used improperly, it reduces both your personal authority and positional authority. For instance, Kanter(1979) illustrates that managers also could enhance their power gradually by sharing powers like positional power. He explains that : They can spend more time on external matters,making contacts, keeping in touch with what is happening, and so building their visibility and reputation. As a successful leader, he or she cannot be isolate which means they should invest time to expand the circle of acquaintances with senior people since the leader should absorb more experiences and widely information from wise people. In addition, an effective leader also needs to be an activist which means the leader not only understand the circumstance of his organistion, but also he needs time to observe the change of the external environment even whole world. It is the example of using positi onal power effectively that increases the personal power.